Calvert, R., 2005, Insights and methods for 4D reservoir monitoring and characterization: SEG.Flemings, 2000, Time-lapse (4-D) seismic monitoring of primary production of turbidite reservoirs at South Timbalier Block 295, offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico: Geophysics, 65, no. Pointing, 2001, 4-D time lapse reservoir monitoring of Nelson Field, central North Sea: Successful use of an integrated rock physics model to predict and track reservoir production: The Leading Edge, 20, no. Baisch, 1983, Geological evolution of the Brazilian Continental Margin: Episodes, 6, no. thesis, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. M., 2018, Análise estratigráfica de alta resolução aplicada aos depósitos da Formação Barra Velha, Bacia de Santos: Identificação, correlação e mecanismos de controle de ciclos sedimentares: M.S. Gil, 2018, Facies association, depositional systems, and paleophysiografic models of the Barra Velha Formation, pre-salt sequence - Santos Basin, Brazil: Presented at the Annual Convention and Exhibition, AAPG. We anticipate that studies of the entire Brazilian presalt section will greatly benefit from the results and conclusions already reached for Tupi Field. These 4D OBN seismic surveys and interpretations will assist in identifying oil-bypassed targets for infill wells and calibrating WAG cycles, increasing oil recovery. Acoustic impedance variations of about 1.5% are reliably distinguishable beyond the immediate vicinity of the wells. To unlock the potential of 4D quantitative interpretation and the future employment of 4D-assisted history-matching workflows, we conducted a 4D seismic inversion test. The resulting 4D amplitude images demonstrate good signal-to-noise ratio, supporting both static and dynamic interpretations that are compatible with injection and production histories. Time-lapse processing included the application of top-of-the-line processing tools, such as interbed multiple attenuation. Consequently, two OBN seismic acquisitions were carried out. This translates into discrete 4D signals that require enhanced seismic acquisition and processing techniques to be correctly detected and mapped. The minerals that constitute these carbonate rocks have an incompressibility modulus that is generally twice as large as those of siliciclastic rocks. We started with feasibility studies to forecast the presalt carbonate time-lapse responses.
Ocean-bottom node (OBN) technology was applied for the first time in the ultra-deep waters of Santos Basin, leading to the Tupi Nodes pilot project. Tupi Field has been the stage of a pioneering 4D seismic project to field test the time-lapse technique's ability in monitoring production and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection in the Brazilian presalt. However, for the stiffer carbonate reservoirs of the Brazilian presalt, the value of 4D seismic is still under debate. The oil and gas industry has established 4D seismic as a key tool to maximize oil recovery and operational safety in siliciclastic and low- to medium-stiffness carbonate reservoirs.
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